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Thread: Japanese Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Reactors

  1. #256
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    Doris....Regarding covering the reactors with a sarcophagus, from what I've been reading, that might not be the best solution at the present since the reactors' contents are still extemely hot. That was done at Chernobyl after the fuel was sufficiently cooled so as to avoid another explosion. There are those experts who allege that covering the reactors, and sealing them in to prevent further dispension of radioactive materials into the air and the environment, would lead to an even greater build up of heat within the melted cores and precipitate worse environmental reactions. In your extensive reseach have you seen anything that addresses this issue?

  2. #257
    Wicked Yankee Girl dorispulaski's Avatar
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    I am convinced they teach them to freak out about nuclear anything in journalism school :rolleyes: However, if anyone tells you about it, tell them the best things they can do to avoid radiation related health issues:

    1. Don't use granite anything (house foundation; countertops), because of the radon
    2. Don't smoke
    3. Don't live near a coal plant (more radon)

  3. #258
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    Quote Originally Posted by Blue Bead View Post
    Doris....Regarding covering the reactors with a sarcophagus, from what I've been reading, that might not be the best solution at the present since the reactors' contents are still extemely hot. That was done at Chernobyl after the fuel was sufficiently cooled so as to avoid another explosion. There are those experts who allege that covering the reactors, and sealing them in to prevent further dispension of radioactive materials into the air and the environment, would lead to an even greater build up of heat within the melted cores and precipitate worse environmental reactions. In your extensive reseach have you seen anything that addresses this issue?
    I don't believe they are talking about a sarcophagus, starting immediately--but building one is an extensive effort. And yes, the whole thing is still way too hot to talk about doing this. However, it's not too early to talk about methods and a design for the future site.

    Construction of the Chernobyl Sarcophagus ran from May to June 1986, so it was very soon after the disaster.
    http://www.chernobyl.by/english/48-shelter-object.html
    http://proceedings.esri.com/library/...0658/p0658.htm

    Furthermore, the resulting object was unstable within 10 years, and people are trying to collect a billion dollars to rebuild it or stabilize it.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Safe_Confinement

    Areva is involved with the remediation and cleanup of Daiichi, and they are reported to specialize in so-called "greenfield" decommissioning, so I hope they will squash this sarcophagus idea.

    One of the main purposes of a sarcophagus object is to hide and obscure the mistakes inside it (as opposed to Three Mile Island, where the entire site was cleaned up, and where a lot of learning occurred, although at a high cost, almost one billion for the cleanup.)

    There's no reason that Daiichi can't be cleaned up, although it will be a very challenging project. Unlike Chernobyl, no reactor exploded, spreading radioactive material far and wide, including chunks of graphite moderator rods and fuel rods. Already, the air is in fairly good shape. The people looking at Daiichi should be tracking down their water problem rather than planning Shelter objects to clean up air.

    Perhaps the US will allow them to store the pieces in the same place they currently store decommissioned submarine reactors, in Idaho.

    http://www.armscontrol.ru/subs/disposal/proe1210.htm

    If you're interested in Chernobyl, an interesting book is "Wormwood Forest" by Macio--

    Furthermore, I am not crazy about spraying resins around. The resins may turn out to cause more health problems than radiation.
    Last edited by dorispulaski; 03-31-2011 at 02:37 PM.

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    Doris, thank you so much for the information about Monju, and your regular update on what's going on in Fukushima. I kinda stopped following any mass media reporting the situation there, as for me, coming to this thread is the most efficient way of keeping up. Besides, Japanese media seem to have shifted the focus (even though slightly) towards a who's-the-bad-guy-finger-pointing game. I wonder if they think people are getting tired of bombarded with stuff beyond their knowledge and comprehension, and they need a change of direction to keep people glued to the information they provide?

    It seems to me the situation is getting more difficult there - as well as dealing with the ongoing crises, TEPCO now have to deal with the consequences of their earlier actions to stop things getting out of hands. I feel nothing but sympathy for them. Even though their planning and preparation for the emergencies had not been up to scratch, this is too early to start blaming them. They seem to be doing the best they can at the moment, given the situation they are in.

    As for the plan to build sarcophagus, do you think it could be a missed opportunity to truly examine what really went wrong? Or theoretical study will be enough? I work in architecture, and I believe what can be learnt on site (and actual mistakes) can never be substituted fully by desk-top study. Besides, I cannot start imagining how to build something in concrete on heavily contaminated site like that - for health and safety reasons; in-situ concrete is one of the most labour intensive construction method. But they did it anyway in Chernobyl, didn't they? Perhaps I need to do research on how they did it there. (Well, at least Japanese construction industry has one of the best skills and knowledge when it comes to in-situ concrete construction, along with the Swiss.)

    Quote Originally Posted by dorispulaski View Post
    I am convinced they teach them to freak out about nuclear anything in journalism school :rolleyes: However, if anyone tells you about it, tell them the best things they can do to avoid radiation related health issues:

    1. Don't use granite anything (house foundation; countertops), because of the radon
    2. Don't smoke
    3. Don't live near a coal plant (more radon)
    Damn it. I have specified rather nice and pricey granite kitchen worktop for a few of my clients, and I have been a smoker on and off for a long time! At least, I do not live anywhere near a coal plant.
    Last edited by mot; 03-31-2011 at 04:22 PM.

  5. #260
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    Quote Originally Posted by mot View Post
    Doris, thank you so much for the information about Monju, and your regular update on what's going on in Fukushima. I kinda stopped following any mass media reporting the situation there, as for me, coming to this thread is the most efficient way of keeping up. Besides, Japanese media seem to have shifted the focus (even though slightly) towards a who's-the-bad-guy-finger-pointing game. I wonder if they think people are getting tired of bombarded with stuff beyond their knowledge and comprehension, and they need a change of direction to keep people glued to the information they provide?

    It seems to me the situation is getting more difficult there - as well as dealing with the ongoing crises, TEPCO now have to deal with the consequences of their earlier actions to stop things getting out of hands. I feel nothing but sympathy for them. Even though their planning and preparation for the emergencies had not been up to scratch, this is too early to start blaming them. They seem to be doing the best they can at the moment, given the situation they are in.

    As for the plan to build sarcophagus, do you think it could be a missed opportunity to truly examine what really went wrong? Or theoretical study will be enough? I work in architecture, and I believe what can be learnt on site (and actual mistakes) can never be substituted fully by desk-top study. Besides, I cannot start imagining how to build something in concrete on heavily contaminated site like that - for health and safety reasons; in-situ concrete is one of the most labour intensive construction method. But they did it anyway in Chernobyl, didn't they? Perhaps I need to do research on how they did it there. (Well, at least Japanese construction industry has one of the best skills and knowledge when it comes to in-situ concrete construction, along with the Swiss.)



    Damn it. I have specified rather nice and pricey granite kitchen worktop for a few of my clients, and I have been a smoker on and off for a long time! At least, I do not live anywhere near a coal plant.
    mot, I don't think anything can substitute for painstaking physical, hands-on analysis of failed materials, particularly in a case like this where several things that have never occurred before have been suggested. It is a human instinct to bury and hide our excrement and failures, particularly when accusations and assignments of blame are being made, but it is not a useful one. At this point, assigning blame is not useful, exactly because it motivates people to hide things.

    Indeed, the Russians built such a structure at Chernobyl, and it has been a failure, particularly because of the unstable foundations it was built on. It needs to be really cleaned up and disposed of, and radioactive materials are leaking out of it all the time. Furthermore, when you read about Chernobyl, scientists are interviewed who always end by saying, "Of course, no one knows exactly how everything happened."

    What a waste. They did a horrible experiment, and then did not analyze the data-the only thing that they could have done that dishonored the dead there.

    At Daiichi, there have been several things that should be studied (and I am not an expert; only a retired IBM physicist/material scientist who has followed energy issues as a hobby for a long time).

    1. What happened in the spent fuel pools, particularly in Unit 4? Did anoxic burning occur? At some point did a low level nuclear reaction occur (similar to the natural reactors at Oklo, a billion years ago)? How close did the fuel rods end up to each other?
    2. Was there a flaw in the containment vessel of any of Units 1, 2, or 3? When Three Mile Island, also a BWR3 built by GE, did a partial melt down, there was hardly a scratch on the containment vessel (1/8" etching or something like that). If there was damage to any containment vessel, can it be determined what happened and how to prevent it happening again?
    3. Was there a hydrogen explosion in the suppression chamber of Unit 2? If so, is there anything in the wreckage to show where exactly was the weak point in the assembly and why the explosion occurred where it did?
    4. Did the use of sea water, resulting in isotopes of Chlorine, contribute to significant corrosion to any of the parts of the reactor?
    5. Boron has been reported to injure seals and pipes in reactors. The sea water was borated in order to poison the nuclear reaction to make it run slower. Can it be determined whether that caused more good than harm?

    And that's just off the top of my head--the nuclear engineers will have more and smarter questions than I do. It would be horrible to waste the chance to learn here.
    Last edited by dorispulaski; 03-31-2011 at 07:26 PM.

  6. #261
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    TEPCO's 9 PM March 31st Status Report

    Both radiation dose and gamma radiation continue to decrease slowly at both Daiichi & Daini


    Gamma Radiation

    Daini 9:00 PM March 31st Measure Point 4--- 4.9 microSieverts/hour
    Daiichi 9:00 PM March 31st West Gate 95.7 microSieverts/hour

    Daiichi


    Radiation Dose
    Daiichi
    Main Building 9:00 PM March 31st 0.94 milliSieverts/hour
    Main Gate 9:00 PM March 31st 148 microSieverts/hour
    West Gate 9:00 PM March 31st 70 microSieverts/hour

    Seawater Trend Charts (several pages)

    http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp.../110331e16.pdf

    Water in the sub-drains of the turbine basements of the different buildings
    Because some of these were very short lived isotopes, some have disappeared that were detected before, provided the sampling site is the same. I really need to print out and compare all these analyses.
    http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp.../110331e18.pdf

    Water in the Pipe Trench of Unit 1
    (Reanalyzed- small change on one isotope of technetium 99
    This is similar to the sea water rather than Unit 2 water.

    http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp.../110331e17.pdf


    TEPCO is trying to assist the people who have been evacuated due to the situation at Daiichi

    As of March 31, 2011, we have revised our corporate organization to enforce the support programs for the residents and areas influenced by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station's accident due to the Tohoku-Chihou-Taiheiyo-Oki Earthquake. Establishment of "Fukushima Nuclear Influence Response Division". We have established a "Fukushima Nuclear Influence Response Division" under the direct control of President. We have been dispatching our employees to the emergency evacuation sites to be able to support the evacuated residents due to the influence of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station's accident by delivering necessary goods and assisting unloading the shipments. To further enforce the support programs and assist the region's recovery, we have newly established the Fukushima Nuclear Influence Response Division. We have further established a Fukushima Support Office under the Division to enforce and enlarge the existing Fukushima Office's functions. As of March 29, it was announced that the Government's Nuclear Disaster Response Headquarters has established a Nuclear Evacuators Life Support Team. Together with the Team and through our Fukushima Nuclear Influence Response Division, we will faithfully support the afflicted areas and the evacuated residents.
    Daini - Is a "campaigner" what we would call a "protester", or is it someone supporting some politician? Come to think of it, is there a difference?

    Other
    A campaigner's sound truck entered the site through the west locked car gate around 1:08 pm today. After driving in the site, the car left through the same gate around 1:20 pm. We reported this event to the Fukushima Prefecture Police Department. We have shut the gate with our own vehicles after the campaigner's vehicle left.

  7. #262
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    A few more details are available on the expertise of the experts from Areva who will be helping at Daiichi

    These employees "join the team Areva Japan to analyze aid may be made ​​to TEPCO as part of crisis management at the plant in Fukushima" Daiichi, in situations of serious nuclear accident.

    The treatment of radioactive waste management and storage pools of spent fuel are among the specialties of these engineers.

    Meanwhile, CNN takes you on a tour of Indian Point nuclear plant. There are significant differences from Fukushima Daiichi

    http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/...iref=allsearch

    For one thing, the US idea of building containment is hugely different. Daiichi looked like normal industrial buildings, more like as one scientist described Chernobyl, "a Quonset hut with graphite bars and a reactor inside". Also, the spent fuel pool is at ground level in the old Indian Point Unit 1 building.
    Finally, it's a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), not a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR).
    And there are only 2 reactors on site, not 6, and there is not another 4 reactors only 10 km away.

    And the Wall Street Journal visits a nuclear plant in Maryland and discusses emergencies and the situation at Daiichi with the workers there:

    http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000...20982909349292

    In the US, increased development of nuclear power is one of the few things that many in both parties agree to:

    http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/52279.html

    Christine Todd Whitman, former Republican governor of NJ, and Environmental Protection Agency Chief under in the administration of George W Bush.

    Whitman talks of safety lessons from Daiichi, but says:

    Meanwhile, nuclear energy is still one of our country’s cleanest energy options. It provides 70 percent of the country’s carbon-free power every year, and is likely to be counted on even more in the future as Washington strives to rein in harmful emissions. No other energy source can now meet the nation’s future clean energy needs on the same scale.
    Meanwhile, President Obama is in support of nuclear energy as part of America's energy future, in which we become less dependent on foreign oil, and reduce greenhouse gases:

    Obama also embraced nuclear power as a critical part of America's energy future, despite increased safety concerns following the earthquake and tsunami in Japan that severely damaged a nuclear power plant there. He vowed a thorough safety review of all U.S. plants, incorporating lessons learned from Japan, but said nuclear power still holds enormous potential for the U.S.

    "We can't simply take it off the table," Obama said during a nearly hour-long speech at Georgetown University.
    Meanwhile the Republican led House of Representatives wants to go ahead with the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste depository.

    http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/n...,1302069.story

    Reps. Fred Upton, R-Mich., and John Shimkus, R-Ill., said there is no scientific or technical basis for withdrawing the application for Yucca Mountain, the only permanent storage site in the U.S. designated for spent nuclear fuel.

    "The tragic events unfolding in Japan underscore the urgent need for the United States to pursue a coherent nuclear policy to safely and permanently store spent nuclear fuel," Upton and Shimkus said in a statement
    That isn't exactly what went on in Japan, but its a constructive moral to draw. TEPCO has dry cask storage for really old spent nuclear fuel at Daiichi, and neither the earthquake nor the tsunami breached any of the casks...considering the disaster involved, that was a really good test.

    However, it would be better to store the old stuff at Yucca Mountain IMO. This needs to stop being a political football. If they don't use Yucca Mountain, they should reconsider the Seabed program.

    Washington and South Carolina are suing the administration over stopping the Yucca Mountain program, which became a political football in the election campaign of Obama, and the reelection campaign of Majority Leader Senator Harry Reid.

    Meanwhile, the NRC is publicly conducting a safety review:


    News of the investigation came as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said three U.S. nuclear power plants need increased oversight from federal regulators because of safety problems or unplanned shutdowns.

    NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko said the three plants — in South Carolina, Kansas and Nebraska — "are the plants we are most concerned about" among the 65 U.S. nuclear power plants in 31 states. All U.S. plants are operating safely, Jaczko said.

    An agency spokesman said the plants under review are the H.B. Robinson nuclear plant in South Carolina, Fort Calhoun in Nebraska and Wolf Creek in Kansas.

    Spokesman Scott Burnell said three reactors at the Oconee Nuclear Station in South Carolina had been on the watch list, but were removed two weeks ago after improved performance reviews. He emphasized that all 104 U.S. nuclear reactors operate safely, and that the heightened review of the three plants was routine.

    "The NRC felt the three required significant additional oversight but continue to operate safely," he said.

    All U.S. nuclear plants are inspected frequently. If enough minor problems or issues are identified, a plant moves to a second level of inspection, Burnell said.
    And people are trying to figure out why the Germans, of all nations, are most leery of nuclear power. It isn't as if they typically have tsunamis, or earthquakes that rank 9 on the Richter scale after all.

    At least one person has suggested that Germans are "risk averse" and another thinks they worried more about Chernobyl. I'd be interested at what others thin.

    Meanwhile 59% of Americans think that provided you don't put a nuclear plant on top of a fault line and away from major population concentrations, that its safe, a surprising result considering the way the news has been lately.
    Last edited by dorispulaski; 03-31-2011 at 10:45 PM.

  8. #263
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    9:00 AM EDT April 1st Wrapup from dorispulaski

    * A barge of the U.S. Forces with fresh water to be used to cool down reactors etc. was towed by a ship of Maritime Self-Defense Force and at 3:42 pm on March 31st 2011, came alongside the pier. As soon as the water is ready to be supplied, we will replenish the fresh water with filtrate tanks.

    All air radiation measurements are down

    JAIF has provided some nice graphs and spatial plots of the radiation over time in towns around Daiichi which have not been evacuated, including Iitate Village, in Tochigi, Fukushima and Ibaraki prefectures. Iitate's air counts ranged from 45 microSieverts per hour on March 15th, decreasing continuously to 8 microSieverts per hour on March 31st. As such, more radiation was measured there than at Daini, which is much closer to Daiichi than Iitate's is. Iitate is to the north and west of Daiichi, about 45 km. Second highest dose wsa received by Fukushima City, which is in the same general direction from Daiichi as Iitate. On March 31st, Fukushima appears to be at about 2 microSieverts per hour.

    http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_i...301652988P.pdf

    JAIF reports Radioactive iodine, exceeding the the provisional legal limit, was detected from tap water sampled in some prefectures from Mar. 21st to 27th. It was advised not to drink the water in those regions.The advice was then lifted by Mar. 31st, except for a city and a village in Fukushima prefecture . (I would guess that the city was Fukushima (although one mesurepoint in Koroyaga was nearly as high) and definitely the village was Iitate.

    Wind is from the East

    Gamma Radiation

    Daini 3:00 PM April 1st, Measure Point 4 - 4.7 microSieverts per hour
    Daiichi 3:00 PM April 1st, West Gate - 91.2 microSieverts per hour

    Radiation Dose
    Daiichi 3:00 PM April 1st, Main Building - 0.91 milliSieverts per hour
    Daiichi 3:00 PM April 1st, Main Gate - 144 microSieverts per hour
    Daiichi 3:00 PM April 1st, West Gate - 65 microSieverts per hour


    TEPCO has published the recorded values of earthquake ground motion recorded in the lowest basements of Daiichi and Daini. The report then has another group of columns for comparison that come from the Maximum Response Acceleration based on "Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Reactor.

    Facilities (Revised in 2006
    )".. This guide was " revised in September 2006 based on the newly accumulated knowledge on seismology and earthquake engineering and advanced technologies of seismic design, this is a regulatory guide in reviewing the validity of the seismic design of nuclear power reactor facilities."
    Three of the Units received more than their designed amount of earthquake ground motion in the West-East direction: Unit 2, Unit 3, and Unit 5.

    Here's the report and data for those interested in the response of buildings to earthquakes.

    http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp...1040103-e.html


    10:00 AM Status

    Unit 1 Spent Fuel Pool
    - From 1:03 pm, March 31st, the water spray by the concrete pumping vehicle was started, and finished at 4:04 pm.
    Unit 2 Spent Fuel Pool
    From 4:30 pm, March 31st, the water spray by the concrete pumping vehicle was started, and finished at 7:33 pm.
    Unit 4 Spent Fuel Pool
    From 8:28am, April 1st, the water spray by the concrete pumping vehicle was started.

    On March 30th, we took samples from the water in the trench of Unit 2 and 3, and conducted nuclide analysis on them. We are now confirming the results of the analyses.

  9. #264
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    JAIF's English Translation of the NHK news, April 1, 2011, 9PM Japanese Time

    When people begin to worry about who is to blame, and defend themselves that they are not to blame, and start making political points, that's when you know: Things are obviously returning to normal.

    Two interesting things:
    The discussion of the weather patterns and how they affect dispersion of radioactive particles.
    Some discussions of the measurement errors from the Daini plant that does the analysis for Daiichi.

    No. 39
    Today’s NHK news regarding status of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
    station as of 21:00 on April 1

    ●TEPCO reprimanded over sloppy radiation checks Japan's nuclear safety agency has reprimanded Tokyo Electric Power Company over its failure to ensure the safety of workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant due to shortages of radiation monitors. Some teams of workers had to share a radiation monitor, although they are supposed to have one each. Many monitors stopped working after the massive quake.

    The agency told reporters on Friday that the practice is problematic. It instructed the plant operator to make sure that workers are able to check radiation levels. TEPCO told the agency that it has obtained 420 radiation monitors so far. The company explained that work will be suspended if employees do not have their own monitors.
    Friday, April 01, 2011 13:30 +0900 (JST)

    ●GE Says: Fukushima reactors have no structural defects
    The chief executive of General Electric has stressed that the GE reactors at the
    Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant have no structural problems. Jeff Immelt spoke to NHK and other media outlets on Thursday. Some observers say the No. 1 and 2 reactors, the oldest types at the plant, have a flaw in their
    designs.

    He said the GE reactor has been in service for more than 40 years and is welltested and well-designed and has been upgraded over time.Immelt said in Washington on Thursday that he was aware of the doubts expressed about nuclear power plants. But he said it is necessary to diversify energy sources at a time of rising oil prices.

    In the United States, more than 20 reactors are in use that have similar structure to the Fukushima No. 1 and 2 reactors. Questions were raised about their safety after the Fukushima reactors were damaged last month.
    Friday, April 01, 2011 12:24 +0900 (JST)

    ●IAEA: High level of iodine-131 outside zone
    The International Atomic Energy Agency has revealed that iodine-131 was the radioactive substance that exceeded its criterion for evacuation in a village 40 kilometers from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. The agency did not give the name of the substance at its news conference on Wednesday.

    The village of Iitate to the northwest of the plant is outside the 20 kilometer exclusion zone and the 20 to 30 kilometer alert zone where the Japanese government advises voluntary evacuation. On Wednesday, the IAEA said radiation levels twice as high as its evacuation level were detected in Iitate and it had advised the Japanese government to carefully assess the situation. But it did not give details of the substance or who carried out the measurement.

    The UN nuclear agency revealed on Thursday that its judgment was based on
    data obtained from the Japanese authorities.
    Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission said it sees no reason to change the evacuation zone and advice to stay indoors as its criteria are based on how much radiation people would be exposed to, and not the radiation level in the ground. The IAEA also corrected the reading of 2 million becquerels of iodine-131 per square meter it announced on Wednesday. The revised figure is 20 million becquerels per square meter.

    The IAEA will continue analyzing radiation levels in cooperation with the
    Japanese government. Iodine-131 has a radioactive half-life of 8 days, and the half-life of Cesium-137 is 30 years.
    Friday, April 01, 2011 11:40 +0900 (JST)

    ●TEPCO to ensure radiation monitoring for workers
    Tokyo Electric Power Company says it may postpone low priority work at the
    damaged Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant to ensure radiation monitoring for
    workers.
    TEPCO said on Thursday that the quake destroyed many radiation monitors and that only 320 out of the 5,000 it had prior to the disaster are now available. The company said that in some work groups only leaders had monitors and that 180 workers had worked without devices on one day. TEPCO said it may postpone low priority work so no employee has to work without a device.It also said it will collect radiation monitors from other plants to minimize delays.

    Friday, April 01, 2011 07:36 +0900 (JST)
    ●Singapore bans imports of vegetables from Shizuoka
    Singapore has announced that it has suspended imports of vegetables and fruit
    from central Japan due to radioactive contamination. Singapore has increased its surveillance of food imports from Japan since the start of the trouble at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant to ensure that they are safe for consumption. About 380 samples so far have been tested for radioactivity.

    The country's authorities say that it detected radiation higher than the international limit in Japanese mustard spinach produced in Shizuoka Prefecture and imported on Wednesday. Shizuoka became the 10th prefecture whose produce has been banned. The Japanese government says that an import ban has been wrongly imposed on products from the western prefecture of Ehime, as vegetables from Fukushima were wrongly labeled as being from Ehime. The Japanese embassy in Singapore says it will examine the import process if necessary. The Singapore government says that it is following the situation at the nuclear plant very closely and continuing its measures to safeguard Singapore from radioactive contamination.
    Friday, April 01, 2011 05:09 +0900 (JST)

    ●Researcher explains how radiation reaches Tokyo
    A Japanese researcher explained to NHK how radioactive substances that leaked from the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant have spread and reached Tokyo and other parts of the Kanto region. Hiromi Yamazawa, a Professor at Nagoya University graduate school, says that high levels of radiation have reached Kanto at least twice since the nuclear plant accident.

    He says the first incidence occurred from March 15th through the 16th. Contaminated air spread widely in Kanto. The second occurred from the 20th through the 21st. Contaminated air went south along the coast, and reached Chiba and Tokyo. The air was then blown northwest to the inland prefecture of Gunma. Yamazawa says the rain in a broad area of Kanto in the surrounding days deposited radioactive substances in rivers and contaminated water in purification plants in the region. Yamazawa warns that radiation could more easily flow into Kanto from now to the early summer, due to winds blowing south from Fukushima during these seasons.
    Friday, April 01, 2011 05:09 +0900 (JST)

    ●Radiation monitors not given to each worker
    NHK has learned that Tokyo Electric Power Company, or TEPCO, has not provided every worker at the damaged Fukushima nuclear plant with radiation monitors, breaking government rules. High levels of contamination have been detected at the Daiichi power complex following a series of hydrogen explosions that have scattered radioactive substances.

    TEPCO says the quake destroyed many radiation monitors, so in some work groups only leaders have them, leaving others struggling to manage exposure. The government requires companies to provide each individual worker with a radiation monitor when working under such conditions. One worker who helped restore electricity to the plant, says each man must have been exposed to different levels of radiation, and that he has no idea how much contamination he was exposed to. TEPCO says that those without monitors are assigned to low-radiation work, and that safety measures are in place.

    The health ministry says exposure to large amounts of radiation is always a possibility during a nuclear power plant accident. It adds if the claims are true it is a serious problem, and that it plans to investigate the company's safety management.
    Thursday, March 31, 2011 19:37 +0900 (JST)

    ●Kan & Sarkozy to cooperate in handling nuclear crisis

    The leaders of Japan and France have confirmed that they will work together to solve the ongoing crisis at the quake-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant. French President Nicolas Sarkozy visited Prime Minister Naoto Kan's office in Tokyo on Thursday. Kan thanked France for expressing sympathy for the victims of the March 11th earthquake and tsunami and for showing its support and solidarity for Japan since. He also thanked Sarkozy for visiting Japan as the head of France, which currently holds the rotating residency of the Group of Eight summit talks. Kan said Japanese people are determined to stand together to overcome the crisis, and asked France for continued support. Sarkozy said he pays respect to the Japanese people who are facing their greatest crisis since World War Two with dignity and courage. He added that he was shocked to see footage of the disaster-stricken areas, but deeply impressed by the heroic operations now under way at the nuclear plant.

    After the meeting, Kan and Sarkozy held a news conference and announced that France will lead the international community to help Japan resolve the problems at the crippled plant and come up with decontamination measures. France has the second largest of nuclear power stations in the world.
    Thursday, March 31, 2011 19:10 +0900 (JST)

    ●Govt may scrap nuclear energy plan
    Prime Minister Naoto Kan has reportedly hinted at the possibility of a fundamental review of the government's nuclear energy plan. Communist Party leader Kazuo Shii met Prime Minister Kan on Thursday to discuss the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant. Speaking to reporters after the meeting, the opposition party leader quoted Kan as saying the situation at the Fukushima plant cannot allow him to say anything about the future of the plant. Kan reportedly said all-out efforts are under way to cool down the reactors and to prevent radioactive substances from leaking out but that there is no clear prospect of a stable cooling down.

    In 2010, the government formulated a plan calling for the construction of at least 14 nuclear power plants over the next 20 years. According to the Communist Party leader, Kan said he will review the nuclear energy policy from the viewpoint of safety, including the issue of spent fuel. The Prime Minister added the plan for building 14 new plants will be reviewed, including the possibility of scrapping it.
    Thursday, March 31, 2011 19:10 +0900 (JST)

    Program errors force TEPCO to review all data
    Tokyo Electric Power Company says it will review all data on radiation leaked from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, citing errors in a computer program. The utility says it found errors in the program used to analyze radioactive elements and their levels, after some experts noted that radiation levels of leaked water inside the plant were too high.
    T

    The company and the government's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency say previously released data may have shown the levels of tellurium-129 and molybdenum-99 to be higher than they really were. But they say that levels of iodine-131, which has a significant impact on humans and the environment, remain unchanged. Tokyo Electric releases data on radioactivity inside the plant compound and in nearby seawater and soil.
    The radioactive substances are believed to be coming from damaged nuclear fuel rods. The data is crucial for identifying the source of radioactive leaks and assessing
    their impact on the environment. The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency has told the company to find out why the errors occurred and to take steps to prevent a recurrence.
    Friday, April 01, 2011 15:39 +0900 (JST)

    ●Radiation detected in beef, vegetables
    Radiation exceeding safety standards has been detected in beef from Fukushima and vegetables from Ibaraki, Tochigi and Chiba prefectures. The health ministry says it detected 510 becquerels per kilogram of radioactive cesium, above than the national limit of 500, in round beef from a cow raised in a village in Fukushima prefecture on Wednesday. The beef has not been shipped. In Hitachi city, Ibaraki prefecture, 8,300 becquerels, or 4 times above the accepted limit, of radioactive iodine was detected in spinach. Spinach and parsley from other parts of Ibaraki were also found to be contaminated with higher-than acceptable levels of radiation.

    Spinach, shungiku, or garland chrysanthemum, and parsley with radiation exceeding acceptable levels were found in Chiba prefecture. High levels of radiation were also detected in spinach in Tochigi prefecture. The ministry says these vegetables are not on the market, as producers have not shipped them, either voluntarily or in line with the government's instructions
    Last edited by dorispulaski; 04-01-2011 at 12:23 PM.

  10. #265
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    TEPCO April 1st 4:00 PM Update (9:00 PM for monitoring data)

    The fresh water barges arrived in Daiichi. Unfortunately, the waterfront at Daiichi was destroyed by the tsunami, and so landing facilities are pretty primitive.

    Work continued on moving contaminated water around.

    I wonder whether the US government would consider letting TEPCO fill one of the barges with contaminated water, fill to the top with clean water, and send the whole thing to the military Idaho center for getting rid of military radioactive waste?

    Daiichi 9:00 PM April 1st, South Side of Main Office Building - 0.90 milliSieverts/hour
    Daiichi 9:00 PM April 1st, Main Gate - 138 microSieverts/hour
    Daiichi 9:00 PM April 1st, West Gate - 64 microSieverts/hour


    Gamma Radiation
    Daini 9:00 PM April 1st Measure Point 4 - 4.6 microSieverts/hour
    Daiichi 9:00 PM West Gate 89.4 microSieverts/hour

    Unit 2 (4:00 PM April 1st)

    At approximately 4:45 pm, March 29th, the water in condensate reservoirs was being transferred to suppression pool water surge-tanks to prepare for water transfer from a condenser to condensate reservoirs in order to drain water on the underground floor of the turbine building into a condenser. At 11:50 am, April 1st, transfer was completed.
    - At 14:56 pm, April 1st, water injection into spent fuel pool in Unit 2 by temporary motor driven pump was initiated.
    Unit 4
    - From 8:28am, April 1st, the water spray by the concrete pumping vehicle was started. At 14:14 pm, the water spray finished.
    Getting fresh water from American barges

    * A barge of the U.S. Forces with fresh water to be used to cool down reactors etc. was towed by a ship of Maritime Self-Defense Force and at 3:42 pm on March 31st 2011, came alongside the pier. At 15:38, April 1st,we started to replenish the fresh water with filtrate tanks.

    * At 11:35 am, April 1st, a worker fell into the sea while stepping into the ship from the pier during the hose laying work of the barge. Other crew immediately rescued the worker. While no injury or contamination was confirmed, whole body counter will be implemented to check thecontamination inside the body just in case.* Shizuoka City kindly agreed with us to assign their mega float in responding to our request. It will be placed in the front sea area of Fukushima Daiichi power station and be used for the storage of water.

  11. #266
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    NEI's 12:30 PM Eastern Daylight Time April 1st Update

    And some thoughts:
    Grazing animals, and for that matter animals that eat grazing animals, tend to concentrate radiation. The radiation falls on the field, but the animal eats over a wide area. Consequently, beef and milk tend to have more radioactive material in them than vegetables.

    In the case of vegetables, washing and boiling them, and then draining the water and rinsing them, tends to drastically lower contamination. Also, boiling beef tends to lower the concentration of radioactive materials.

    The huge concrete pump sounds awesome and has got to help.

    And I wondered just what the plans were for how to hook the water barge to the systems.

    UPDATE AS OF 12:30 P.M. EDT, FRIDAY, APRIL 1:
    Japan’s nuclear safety agency has reprimanded Tokyo Electric Power Co. for not providing radiation monitors to all emergency workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.

    Each worker is supposed to have an individual radiation monitor, but some emergency teams have had to share monitors, the Japan Atomic Industrial Forum reported. TEPCO said that low-priority work will be suspended if employees do not have monitors.

    TEPCO said that only 320 of the 5,000 radiation monitors were available after the earthquake and tsunami, JAIF said.

    Radiation Found in Beef
    Radiation that exceeds safety standards has been found in beef in Fukushima and three neighboring prefectures, JAIF reported. Radiation also was found in spinach and other vegetables grown in the area. Japan’s health ministry said the beef and vegetables have not been shipped and are not on the market.

    Fukushima Daiichi
    A U.S. Navy barge containing freshwater to cool the reactors and used fuel pools at the Daiichi site has been towed to the pier. It will be connected to the pumps with hoses.

    Meanwhile, injection of freshwater continues at reactors 1-3 and workers continue to spray freshwater on the used fuel pools for reactors 1-4.

    TEPCO is evaluating the use of a synthetic resin that would be sprayed over debris at the site to prevent the spread of radioactive dust.

    Additional equipment, including the biggest concrete pump in the world, is being provided by U.S. companies. The pump’s 70-meter boom can be controlled remotely. It has been in use at the Savannah River Site, helping build a U.S. government mixed oxide nuclear fuel plant. Concrete pumps are already in use at the site to assist with spraying water into the used fuel pools.
    Fact Sheet Update
    NEI has updated its fact sheet, "Nuclear Plants Designed and Constructed to Withstand Earthquakes."

  12. #267
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    IAEA 2:30 PM UTC time for April 1st

    IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Accident (1 April 2011, 14.30 UTC)

    On Friday, 1 April 2011, the IAEA provided the following information on the current status of nuclear safety in Japan.

    1.Current Situation

    Overall at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, the situation remains very serious.

    The Unit 1 condenser is full. In preparation for transferring water in the basement of the turbine building to the condenser, water in the condenser storage tank is being transferred to the suppression pool surge tank since 31 March, 03:00 UTC. Water in the trench was transferred to a water tank at the central environmental facility process main building. In order to prepare for removal of the water from the turbine building basement in Unit 2, pumping of water from the condenser to the suppression pool water surge tank started at 07:45 UTC 29 March. For Unit 3 pumping of water from the condenser to suppression pool water surge tank was started at 08:40 UTC March 28 and was completed at 23:37 UTC on 30 March.

    For Unit 1 fresh water has been continuously injected into the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) through the feed-water line at an indicated flow rate of 8 m3/h using a temporary electric pump with diesel backup. In Unit 2 fresh water is injected continuously through the fire extinguisher line at an indicated rate of 8 m3/h using a temporary electric pump with diesel backup. In Unit 3 fresh water is being injected continuously at about 7 m3/h into the reactor core through the fire extinguisher line using a temporary electric pump with diesel backup.

    The indicated temperatures at the feed water nozzle of the RPV and bottom of RPV on Unit 1 are stable at 256 °C and 128 °C respectively. There is a slight decrease in RPV and Drywell pressures. The indicated temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV of Unit 2 is stable at 165 °C. The temperature at the bottom of the RPV was not reported. Indicated Drywell pressure remains at atmospheric pressure. The indicated temperature at the feed water nozzle of the RPV in Unit 3 is stable at 101 °C and at the bottom of RPV is also stable at 112 °C. Indicated Drywell pressure remains slightly above atmospheric pressure. The validity of the RPV temperature measurement at the feed water nozzle is still under investigation.

    The pumping of water into the Unit 1 Spent Fuel Pool by concrete pumping truck was started at 04:03 UTC on 31 March. Fresh water was sprayed to the spent fuel pool at the Unit 3 by the concrete pump on 31 March and to the spent fuel pool on Unit 4 on the 1st April.

    Units 5 and 6 remain in cold shutdown

    2. Radiation Monitoring
    On 31 March, deposition of iodine-131 was detected by the Japanese authorities in 8 prefectures, and deposition of cesium-137 in 10 prefectures. In these prefectures where deposition of iodine-131 was reported, on 31 March, the range was from 29 to 1350 becquerel per square metre. For caesium-137, the range was from 3.6 to 505 becquerel per square metre. In the Shinjyuku district of Tokyo, the daily deposition for iodine-131 was 50 becquerel per square metre and for cesium-137 it was 68 becquerel per square metre. No significant changes were reported in the 45 prefectures in gamma dose rates compared to yesterday. As of 28 March, recommendations for restrictions on drinking water are in place at two locations in the Fukushima prefecture and restrictions continue to apply for infants only. The IAEA monitoring team made additional measurements at 9 locations West of Fukushima-Daiichi NPP. The measurement locations were at distances of 30 to 58 km from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The dose rates ranged from 0.4 to 2.3 microsievert per hour. At the same locations, results of beta-gamma contamination measurements ranged from 0.01 to 0.49 Megabecquerel per square metre. The other team who had made monitoring measurements in Tokyo during the last week, has finished its activities.
    The reason that cesium is seen and iodine is not, despite the fact that in initial samples, iodine is in higher concentration, is that cesium has a longer half life than iodine 131. This argues that additional deposition of radioactive material is significantly slower than it was (as indeed, the air monitoring values show).

    Since our written briefing of yesterday, significant data related to food contamination was reported on 31 March by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Reported analytical results covered 2 samples taken on 15 March and 109 samples from 27-31 March. Analytical results for 98 of the 111 samples for various vegetables, spinach and other leafy vegetables, fruit (strawberry), seafood, various meats (beef, chicken and pork) and unprocessed raw milk in eight prefectures (Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Niigata, Tochigi, and Tokyo), indicated that iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137 were either not detected or were below the regulation values set by the Japanese authorities. However, it was reported that analytical results in Chiba, Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi prefectures for the remaining 13 of the total 111 samples for spinach and other leafy vegetables, parsley and beef indicated that iodine-131 and/or caesium-134 and caesium-137 exceeded the regulation values set by the Japanese authorities.

    The following restrictions are in place (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Press Releases 21 and 23 March 2011):

    Fukushima: Distribution and consumption of leafy vegetables (including broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kakina, komatsuna and spinach), turnip and unprocessed raw milk. Ibaraki: Distribution of spinach, kakina, parsley and unprocessed raw milk.
    Gunma: Distribution of spinach and kakina.
    Tochigi: Distribution of spinach and kakina.

    The Joint FAO/IAEA Food Safety Assessment Team has completed its mission and presented its report to the Japanese Cabinet Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry on 31 March. The IAEA members of the Team are returning to Vienna today.
    The Agency, in agreement with the Japanese government, will dispatch two reactor experts to Japan. They will hold meetings with the Nuclear Safety Commission, NISA, TEPCO and other Japanese counterparts from Monday 4 April onwards. The objective of this visit is to exchange views with Japanese technical experts and to get first-hand information about the current status of reactors at Fukushima Daiichi, measures being taken and future plans to mitigate the accident.
    I hope the IAEA will be able to dissuade them from the sarcophagus route, and will be able to get a true site remediation plan approved & paid for.

    The following countries have provided the monitoring data to the IAEA�s Incident and Emergency Centre � Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,

  13. #268
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    Quote Originally Posted by dorispulaski View Post
    When people begin to worry about who is to blame, and defend themselves that they are not to blame, and start making political points, that's when you know: Things are obviously returning to normal.
    This is so true - universally! I witnessed the similar here in the UK after the mass outbreak of foot and mouth disease.

    Japanese government states that they need to review their energy strategy, including its reliance on nuclear power plants. It was decided last June 14 more nuclear plants were to be build by 2030. Now people's fear and mistrust with nuclear energy is so great that they are now thinking about revising it.

    People's fear and mistrust is understandable, given the current situation, but nuclear power plants are never built for the sake of it. It is our never-ending, bottomless demand for electricity to maintain and /or advance our already very comfortable and convenient life style that is the very reason why they get built. OK, shift towards 'green' alternative energy must be accelerated. But supply of 'green' electricity still seems not as constant and reliable as the supply from more established source. Some, such as wind turbines and biomass, come with their own set of environmental problems. Often initial capital cost to build power generators utilising alternative energy source, such as geothermal or solar, is prohibitively high. Are we ready to pay a lot more for electricity now? Or are we ready to cut back on everyday luxury we're taking for granted for so long?

    The path to nuclear free society must start from ourselves, I think. It's easy to blame the government which has invested in nuclear energy and to some extent mishandled it, but how much credibility we can give ourselves, if our complaints are made in our comfortable living room with all lights, TV and PC on all at the same time, with the thermostat set to 28 degrees Celsius so that we can be in a thin T-shirt in the middle of the winter, while we are also complaining about the rise of energy cost at the same time?
    Last edited by mot; 04-02-2011 at 07:43 AM.

  14. #269
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    In future, countries need to think about evacuation differently

    Japan evacuated people within 20 km of Daiichi and asked people between 20 and 30 km of Daiichi to either voluntarily evacuate or to stay inside. That theory of evacuation assumes that everything occurs perfectly symmetrically about the center of the release of poisonous or radioactive material, but of course that is not so. Neither theoretical nor actual data would cause a politician or a scientist to have that opinion.

    Here's what the predicted spread of radioactive material to be deposited looks like:

    JAIF has supplied links to the following map, released by the Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan of predictions of radioactive material spread caused by the accident (Mar. 23rd). This prediction was based on the calculation using computer code called SPEEDI
    (System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information).

    http://www.nsc.go.jp/info/110323_top_siryo.pdf

    Now compare that with the actual spread of radioactive material, the plot generated by JAIF:

    http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_i...301652988P.pdf

    In both cases, you can see a spike of higher deposition, leading from Daiichi off to the northeast. Coincidentally, that is where Iritake Village and Fukushima City are.

    The reasons that deposition is greater in places like that would be:

    1. The wind direction during the time span of the accident.
    2. The geographical terrain around Iritake and Fukushima City.
    Topographic map of Japan
    http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications...prs/196f01.gif

    You will notice there are two distinct mountainous areas with a valley between them, pointing away from Daiichi. In the area near a mountain, there will be updrafts-and thus both more rain, and more fallout of particles since particles are always deposited when an airstream has a change of direction.

    3. The relative amount of rainfall (rain washes fallout out of the air and deposits it)
    Rain is typically more in such areas too.

    It would be better to model the areas around nuclear plants and chemical plants and predict from the models who should be evacuated rather than just picking a 20 km radius limit. IMO.

    By the way, the same kind of non-circularly symmetic deposition was shown at Chernobyl. The only way that you would have a completely circular pattern of deposition is in a flat country with no significant bodies of water and no wind.
    Last edited by dorispulaski; 04-01-2011 at 04:40 PM.

  15. #270
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    The first monitoring data of the day is up. The same slowly decreasing trend is continuing:

    Wind in the west at 3.2 meters per second

    Gamma Rays
    Daiichi April 2nd, 9:00 AM West Gate 86.3 MicroSieverts per hour
    Daini April 2nd, 9:00 AM 4.5 microSieverts per hour


    Radiation Dose
    Daiichi April 2nd, 9:00 AM
    South Side of Main Office Building -- 0.87 milliSieverts per hour
    Main Gate - 135 microSieverts per hour
    West Gate - 62 microSieverts per hour

    - Monitoring posts of No.1 -No.8 set up near the boundary of power station area have been restored. We will periodically monitor the data and announce the results of monitoring.
    This will make it easier to assess their efforts at site mitigation.

    Spent Fuel Pools
    - From 2:56 pm April 1st, freshwater injection to Unit 2 was conducted by a temporary motor driven pump, and finished at 5:05 PM on the same day.
    Cleaning up Contaminated Water
    Draining water from underground floor of turbine buildings - In regard with transferring water from a condensate storage tank to a suppression pool water surge-tank in unit 1, work began at noon March 31st.
    - In regard with transferring water from a condensate storage tank to a suppression pool water surge-tank in unit 2 from 4:45 pm March 29th to 11:50 am, April 1st.
    Last edited by dorispulaski; 04-01-2011 at 11:56 PM.

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