I am surprised Americans are self financed as much as the Canadians given my impression of USFSA seems all mighty and powerful and do often exercise their power regulating their skaters. Usually those who has the power usually controls the finances otherwise why would anyone want to listen to them?
Participation in international events is determined through the federations. If a skater wants to compete at Olympics, ISU championships, Grand Prix,* Junior Grand Prix, or (in most cases) "senior B" events, the skater needs to be assigned to the event by her federation. She can't just say "gee, I'd like to compete at Worlds" and sign up for it. She needs the federation to assign her.
That's the power that the federation holds over the skaters. What they have to offer is not so much money as access to opportunities.
(*Skaters can earn their way onto the GP through their results in other international events. So although the federation doesn't assign them directly except in the case of host picks, the skater does need to have been assigned to one or more of the other international competitions mentioned above and had good results there to earn GP invitations.)
How big is the organisation (a party of 10? 20? 30?) I wonder how much is their budget, do they contribute to the skaters training, their health care and receive their winning as well?
The organization has about 180,000 members, mostly lower and mid-level participant skaters. Most members join the national organization through their local skating clubs. The federation provides a wide variety of services to all members, with far more programs now than when the organization was founded, or than when I was a teen skater in the 1970s.
Some of those programs, such as tests and qualifying competitions, are part of the process of developing international-level competitors, but most members who participate in those programs are never going to make it to the international level.
Here's an overview of the organization as a whole:
http://www.usfigureskating.org/About.asp?id=13
Here's the mission statement:
http://www.usfigureskating.org/About.asp?id=71
The governing structure is similar to that of other nonprofit organizations. There are a few permanent employees who work at the association headquarters, but most of the decisions are made by officers and committee members who volunteer their time and are only reimbursed for expenses.
The skaters are not employees of the federation. The skaters who qualify for the team "envelopes" based on results at Nationals and internationally receive some funding for the next year, but even for those in envelope A get only a fraction of what it costs them to train all year (ice time, equipment, coaching fees, travel, etc.).
There are also scholarships available through the Memorial Fund. Again, these grants are helpful but don't come close to covering a competitive skater's expenses.
For the top international skaters with Olympic potential there can be additional funding through the USOC. And for those who compete in international events that offer prize money and place well there, that's another source of income.
There certainly were other ways that top US skaters got paid through the federation a decade or so ago when there was a lot of interest and money coming in from TV networks, with made-for-TV events to which a handful of top skaters would be invited. So at the peak of the public interest boom maybe 10-20 skaters a year were able not only to cover their training expenses but even earn a profit just from money that came from the federation. Now it would be much fewer; in some years maybe no skater actually clears a profit.
Here's a list of the committees:
http://www.usfigureskating.org/content.asp?menu=leadership&id=202
The International Committee would be the group responsible for deciding which skaters to assign to international competitions, and whether to pull them off the team if appropriate. That committee has 35 members.