Boys, but this has turned into a fascinating conversation!
Just wanted to throw in what the situation is on this side of the Atlantic.
Unlike what has been described already, the term "girl" is not just restricted to female children. It is also used for females in their twenties, and even into their early thirties.
This is going to sound really bad, but the general rule seems to be that if you are young and/or attractive, you are a "girl". But if you are older and/or not attractive, you are a "woman".
Consequently, if you are female, you do not want to be described as a "woman"!
Now, I'm not sure if it was just one of his stories, or whether it is actually the case. But my favourite radio presenter, the late Gerry Anderson, always said that on the BBC, there is actually a rule that you are not allowed to used the term "lady". It is ALWAYS "woman". Which, given what I said above, means that things can get awkward.
As for "lady", it is pretty much the same as what has been described by our American members. It is used for females with an air of elegance and class about them (the traditional use). But, it is also used when you are telling somebody off, e.g. "Come here, young lady!"
Which brings us to terms "young lady" and "young woman". As you know from a previous discussion a year or two ago (which I can't actually find at the moment, as I can't remember what thread it was in), I do not like these terms. And given how heated that discussion became, I do not want to re-ignite it again! Suffice to say, different people use those terms to mean different ages.
I don't go to restaurants often enough to know what the situation is with regards "Miss" and "Madam" ("Ma'am" is a purely American term which is not used over here. We stick with the un-abbreviated version!) But, if they are still addressed in this way, I would imagine that every female would dread the day that they stop being referred to as "Miss" and start being referred to as "Madam"!
"Gal" is not used at all. It is a purely American term.
The complicating factor is political correctness. Even though it is grammatically correct, it is not seen as politically correct to use gender specific terms like "actress", "waitress", "moyoress", "chairwoman", "ombudswoman", etc. Instead, the politically correct (but gramatically incorrect) thing to do is to use the male term, in these cases "actor", "waiter", "mayor", "chairman", "ombudsman". Which I find very strange, because if I was a woman, I would feel insulted if somebody referred to me by a male term such as "actor". My inference from this would be "are you saying I look like a man?!"
To further complicate matters, even some of the male terms are getting politically incorrect, and are getting replaced by more neutral terms. "Bin man" has been replaced by "refuge collector". "Fireman" has been replaced by "fire fighter". "Policeman" (and "policewoman", for that matter) has been replaced by "police officer".
That said, all the traditional terms mentioned in the past 2 paragraphs are still pretty much universally used! It is just the smallest minority (i.e. politicians, bureaucrats, etc. that appear on TV) that use the politically correct terms.
One final comment. When
Golden mentioned the people that dispense parking tickets, this instantly popped into my head:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se5JLYKQfDU
Is this term still used in America? Despite being popularised in this song, it never caught on over on this side of the Atlantic.
CaroLiza_fan