Last year when the age limit raise for women was discussed I did some digging and looked at data from World medalists 1955-2019. Most of the post copied here:
"I looked at the age when they first entered senior ranks, when they first medaled in a major competition in senior ranks and when they first won (if they won) a major competition. Then I also looked at their career lengths and, if there was a junior one, how many seasons that was. The first year was sort of arbitrary, but 1955 gives a perspective to what happens today. 84 ladies all in all, all top skaters of their day!
From 1955 until around mid-90s 53 skaters (I drew the line between Irina Slutskaya and Tara Lipinski, so not along the 1996 age limit rule imposition, but very close to it anyway). The average age for entering senior ranks was 15 years, the youngest was 11 (Anett Pötsch (GDR) and the oldest 18 (4 ladies, Julie Lynn Holmes (USA), Debi Thomas (USA), Caryn Kadavy (USA), Jill Trenary (USA). They mostly had to compete for two years or so before medaling at 17 and then the next season they started winning at 18. The youngest medalist was again Anett Pötsch at 14, and 5 were already champions at 15 years of age (Ingrid Wendl (AUT), Hanna Eigel (AUT), Janet Lynn (USA), Oksana Baiul (UKR), Michelle Kwan (USA). The average length of a senior career was 7 seasons and some may have had a season in the juniors from the mid-1980s onwards. The short ones with only 2-4 seasons were 10 in number (Hanna Eigel (AUT), Barbara Roles (USA), Julie Lynn Holmes (USA), Rosalynn Sumners (USA+1 junior), Debi Thomas (USA), Caryn Kadavy (USA), Kristi Yamaguchi (USA+1 junior), Oksana Baiul (UKR), Yuka Sato (JPN+ 2 juniors), Tanja Szewczenko (GER+2 juniors). 7 ladies had a career with 10 or more seasons in seniors (Sjoukje Dijkstra (NED), Gabriele Seyfert (AUT), Anett Pötsch (GDR), Katarina Witt (GDR), Kira Ivanova (URSS+1 junior), Midori Ito (JPN+ 2 juniors), Michelle Kwan (USA+2 juniors), Irina Slutskaya (RUS+3 juniors).
Things to consider when interpreting these numbers. First, compulsory figures tended to hinder the rocketing careers of good jumpers - time and experience were important there. The first ever lightning fast career was Oksana Baiul immediately after the abolition of the figures. Secondly, the 6.0 system maybe tended to favour experience and familiarity even more then IJS, a new girl would not get super high scores even if they might have merited it (technically). Thirdly, a junior career did not exist - if you could, yuu went straight to the seniors, the wannabes were mostly doing junior worlds until the late 1990s. Fifth, the division between amateur and professional was watertight until late in the 1990s. I don't think it is a coincidence that many of the short careers are from US skaters who could turn pro and start making money more easily than the rest of the world. There were also many opportunities for doing that.
Then mid-90s to 2019 with 29 skaters. Average entry to seniors at 16, but this is after 15 became the official senior entry age. The oldest is Laura Lepistö (FIN) at the tender age of 19. The average age for both first medaling and first major win is 18. The 14 to 16 year olds winning major competitions for the first time are 8 in number (Tara Lipinski (USA), Sarah Hughes (USA), Kimmie Meissner (USA), Mao Asada (JPN), Yuna Kim (KOR), Yulia Lipnitskaya (RUS), Evgenia Medvedeva (RUS), Alina Zagitova (RUS). Average career length is 7 seasons with 2 junior seasons before that. The 2-4 seasons careers have not been that common actually - 6 ladies (Tara Lipinski (USA), Sarah Hughes (USA), Kimmie Meissner (USA), Laura Lepistö (FIN), Wakaba Higuchi (JPN), Alina Zagitova (RUS) with one or two of them still continuing. 8 ladies skated for 10 or more seasons (Maria Butyrskaya (RUS), Fumie Suguri (JPN), Elena Sokolova (RUS), Carolina Kostner (ITA), Mao Asada (JPN), Alena Leonova (RUS), Akiko Suzuki (JPN), Ashley Wagner (USA). And these are mostly even longer because all but Butyrskaya had at least one junior season before seniors.
So, actually not much has changed since the 1990s. But in fact the current skaters start seniors later, achieve medals and major victories later than the ladies from the 1950s to mid-1990s. The average length is the same, the numbers of very short and very long careers roughly the same. However, junior seasons make their careers longer than before. There is also no need to turn professional - the few tours and shows tend to be organized off season or between major competitions so that those who get invited/cast can also participate and make money of their skating whilst competing."
So, looking at that data, among women, the very short and very long careers are relatively rare and most tend to skate for about 7 seasons internationally. Women have rarely continued their skating careers into their late 20s - this I will have to check actually, but considering that most begin their careers in their teens, retirement after 7 seasons is around 20 or slightly later. Since the 1950s women competing in figure skating have been mostly teenagers and less commonly young adults.
Janet Lynn btw competed internationally for the first time in 1968 at the age of almost 15 (she was born in early April, and the Worlds were held in early March that year). The year before she had already won the nationals in seniors and the following year she won the North American championships. She medaled in the Worlds in 1972 at 18 years of age (her poor compulsory figures probably mostly to blame) and the same year also at Olys. She continued one more year, but retired after 1972-3 season at the tender age of 20. She had 6 seasons in the seniors. Trixie Schuba was born in 1951 and started her international career at almost 16 in 1967. She medaled first in 1969 at about 19 and won her first gold a year later at 20. She retired after winning the Olympics in 1972 at 21 years of age with also 6 seasons at international competitions.
What I would be curious to see is a good study on the reasons for retirement and what part injuries played in it. I did a bit of google scholaring earlier, but could not find any specific work on this aspect. There is a new
Finnish MA thesis in English with a bit on the reasons although the emphasis is heavily on the transition to post-competetive life. For the subjects to this study, the reasons were almost as many as there were of them.
Also found
this medical review article on injuries, what kind, which discipline and how many. This suggests that there was an increase in injuries overall between 1982-2003 and that this reflects the increased technical difficulty. Unfortunately, apparently there have been not enough studies on this topic for the IJS era or even for men doing increasing numbers of quads after that time. One can only hope that coaching guidelines and practices would be modified in such a way that at least the kind of injuries that could be prevented with proper training became rarer. Figure skating is an early specialization sport and as such, I could imagine that problems dealt with early easily become worse with time.
I have also sometimes wondred whether the recent discussion on safety and health of the skaters - very much focused on the women - smacks slightly of protecting the poor woman from herself because she does not understand the danger of her aspirations. The comparison to men is perhaps not possible due already the possible/probable physical differences which makes it likely for the little boys doing quads to relearn them successfully after they grow 30 cm in height. Could it be possible also for girls? The science seems to be of the opinion that the adult female body is not built to do quads, but I still wonder. Figure skating is so much about the psychological part, about self confidence, and if everyone and everything says to you all the time that sth is not possible, you probably start believing it and don't even try seriously in the end.
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