The researchers found that most athletes suffer a significant setback early in their career, but some react differently to others. For the truly exceptional athletes, who went on to win Olympic medals, the setback enhanced their motivation; for the merely ‘good’, the near miss was discouraging.
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They identified two groups: “near-miss” individuals, whose grant proposals fell just below the funding threshold, and “near-win” individuals, who scraped in just above the threshold. Just as UK Sport found with athletes, losing out acted like a form of natural selection. About one in 10 of the near-missers disappeared from the system altogether, but those who persevered went on to publish more high-impact papers over the following decade than the near-winners.
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There can be something uniquely energising about the experience of finishing second instead of first. Adam Leive, an economist at the University of Virginia, assembled a database of medal winners in Olympic track and field events, between 1846 and 1948, and looked at what happened to their lives after they had won a medal. Leive found that the athletes who just missed out on the top podium spot went on to live longer and more successful lives than those who won. Silver medallists were more ambitious in their post-sport careers, finding better paid jobs. By the age of 80, about half of them were still alive, compared to about a third of gold medallists.