Hi THartell. There are a variety of documents on
www.isu.org that spell everything out, but it requires patience and lots of reading!! Especially since the rules for this season involve looking at the rules from 2004/2005 and then subsequently looking at a different document which outlines just the changes for 2005/2006.
Here is a summary from my perspective. I'm still a student myself, and there are others here more advanced in their knowledge. So I welcome any corrections if I get anything wrong!!
All elements (jump and non-jump) have a base value. The technical caller identifies the element (i.e. 3Z or L4 spin and the type of spin, etc.). The judges determine the Grade of Execution (GOE) for each element and the range is -3 to +3. There is factoring to the GOE's (there is a table in one of the ISU documents.) As an example, for lower point value elements such as single jumps, a judge giving "+3" GOE for that element would actually result in a lower point value than "3" being added to the base value for that element. (sounds more complicated than it is - I think it's easy to understand when you look at the tables)
Non-jump elements can be assigned Level 1, 2, 3 or 4. Level 4 this season roughly equates to Level 3 from last season. The essentially inserted a lower level. The number of positions and features that need to be present to qualify for a particular level are spelled out in detail in the ISU documents.
Then of course the judges give scores in each of the 5 PCS categories.
I find it very helpful to print out a few of the score sheets after the events and watch the skaters with score sheets in hand. It makes it much easier to understand at least on the technical side, why each skater got the scores they did.
Best wishes on your COP study adventure!! I'm really enjoying learning more and more all the time, and making better sense out of the results.
ETA: I don't think it's necessary at all to enjoy the competition WITHOUT much info about the judging system. I've focused my "learning" on singles. But I LOVE watching pairs just for the sheer enjoyment. I know very little about which elements get what types of scores in pairs, and it doesn't bother my enjoyment at all.
DG